At first, the ruling of Brown v. BOE of Topeka resonated little in the northern cities, but by the early 1960s, this changed. Groups like the NAACP and other grassroots organizations began to fight segregation practices like redlining and the under funding of public schools in the cities where African Americans primarily resided in ghettos where racism would not allow African Americans to move to areas where schools were well supported.
Various African American groups fought for the desegregation and equal opportunity well throughout the 1970s with disappointing results in most cases. Institutional racism and the self interest of whites killed busing programs and integration plans leaving African Americans wary of the promises of Brown v. BOE.
Today, there are still ghettos in cities where the promise of education has been dashed. Though no one talks about desegregation and Brown v. BOE, this ruling failed because separation continues to be a problem now.
Sources: Phillips, A. (Winter 2005). The struggle for school desegregation in Philadelphia 1955-1967. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, 72, 46-76. Retrieved from J-Stor Arts and Sciences Collection database.
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. C. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Impact Today
At first, the ruling of Brown v. BOE of Topeka resonated little in the northern cities, but by the early 1960s, this changed. Groups like the NAACP and other grassroots organizations began to fight segregation practices like redlining and the under funding of public schools in the cities where African Americans primarily resided in ghettos where racism would not allow African Americans to move to areas where schools were well supported.
Various African American groups fought for the desegregation and equal opportunity well throughout the 1970s with disappointing results in most cases. Institutional racism and the self interest of whites killed busing programs and integration plans leaving African Americans wary of the promises of Brown v. BOE.
Today, there are still ghettos in cities where the promise of education has been dashed. Though no one talks about desegregation and Brown v. BOE, this ruling failed because separation continues to be a problem now.
Sources:
Phillips, A. (Winter 2005). The struggle for school desegregation in Philadelphia 1955-1967.
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, 72, 46-76. Retrieved from J-Stor
Arts and Sciences Collection database.
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. C. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the
underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.